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ABRASIVE: A substance used for wearing away
a surface by friction. Examples of abrasives include powdered pumice,
rottenstone, sand paper, steel wool and rubbing compound.
ABSORPTION: The act of taking up, drinking
in or assimilating. A surface is considered absorbent when it takes into
itself and holds the finishing material applied over it.
ACCELERATE: To hasten or quicken the natural
progress of an event or series of events. For example, the drying of
finishing materials is accelerated by an increase of
temperature.
ACCELERATED TEST: A test in which the
conditions are chosen so as to obtain the results, such as the effect of
weathering on a coating, in a shorter amount of time than would be required
under other conditions.
ACETATES: A group of organic solvents used
in making lacquers and other coatings. Acetates are derived from the reaction
of alcohols with acetic acid. The acetate usually takes its name from the
alcohol, such as ethyl acetate from ethyl alcohol.
ACID NUMBER: An expression of the amount of
free acid in fats, oils, waxes and resins or solutions thereof, expressed as
the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize one
gram of the material being tested.
ACRYLIC RESIN: A synthetic resin,
water-white in color, very transparent, and resistant to discoloration,
moisture, alcohols, acids, alkalies and mineral
oils.
ACTINIC RAYS: Those rays of light that cause
chemical changes in films of finishing materials. These rays are the shorter
wavelengths in the spectrum, in the blue and ultra-violet range. These rays,
in conjunction with moisture and temperature changes, contribute to the
deterioration of films.
ACTIVE SOLVENT: A solvent that will readily
dissolve or liquify a resin.
ADHESION: The property that causes one
material to stick to another. This can be affected by the condition of the
surface to be coated, by the closeness of contact, as well as by the
molecular forces of the unlike substances.
ADSORPTION: A type of adhesion that occurs
at the surface of a solid or liquid in contact with another medium, thus
allowing an increased number of molecules of the gas or liquid to become
attached to the surface of the solid at the point of contact.
ADULTERATION: The act of substituting one
substance in whole or part for another that usually results in a cost
reduction.
AGING: Allowing a coating to stand
undisturbed for an extensive period of time. Aging improves most clear
finishing materials through greater clarity but some varnishes, paints and
enamels tend to skin over, thicken, or deteriorate in other ways or their
chemical or physical properties are unstable.
AGGREGATE: A group of two or more particles
of a material that are held together so tightly by adhesive forces that they
tend to remain intact as a group. The grinding of paint or enamel is required
principally for breaking apart aggregates of pigment particles rather than
for reducing the size of the individual particle.
AIR DRYING: The drying process used with a
finishing material that is capable of hardening or curing at ordinary room
temperature,
i.e., 60ºF to 80ºF.
ALCOHOL: In the finishing material industry,
this is generally understood to mean denatured alcohol, or ethyl alcohol that
has been rendered unfit for beverage purposes by the addition of a
denaturant. Chemically, an alcohol is a hydroxyl containing organic
compound.
ALIPHATIC: A descriptive name applied to
petroleum products derived from paraffin base crude oil. Gasoline, mineral
spirits, naphtha and kerosene are typical, aliphatic or "straight
chain" hydrocarbons, as distinguished from coal tar solvents or
"cyclic hydrocarbons," such as benzol and
toluol.
ALKYD: A synthetic resin that is made by the
reaction of a polybasic acid, such as phthalic, maleic or succinic acid, with a
polyhydric alcohol, such as glycerine. Vegetable
oils, fatty acids and other resins are often used as modifying
agents.
ALLIGATORING: The appearance of a paint,
varnish or lacquer film that is cracked into large segments, resembling the
hide of an alligator. This can be caused by heavy coats, by re-coating before
the bottom coat is completely dry, by using thinners that evaporate too
quickly or by applying a less elastic material over a more elastic
one.
AMBER: A yellowish translucent resin
formerly used in the manufacture of varnish but now very scarce and
expensive. The term is also used to refer to the color of a resin or
varnish.
AMORPHOUS: A term used to describe finely
divided solid substances that are composed of individual particles without
regular or definite crystalline form.
ANIMAL OIL: Oil obtained from animal
tissues. The only drying or semi-drying animal oil is that obtained from
certain species of fish.
ANHYDRIDE: The chemical term used to
describe a compound, which becomes an organic acid upon the addition of
water.
ANHYDROUS: A material containing no water,
especially water of crystallization.
ANILINE COLORS: Colors made from aniline oil
or coal tar derivatives, used in the manufacture of wood stains. Aniline dyes
are made in different grades to be soluble in water, alcohol or hydrocarbons,
and accordingly are called "water colors," "spirit
colors" and "oil colors," respectively.
ANTI-CORROSIVE PAINT: This is a type of
coating made with neutral or slightly alkaline pigments and a water resisting
vehicle for use as a primer on steel and other metals to prevent or retard
corrosion.
ANTI-FOULING PAINT: This is a type of
coating that contains a toxic or poisonous substance to prevent the
attachment of barnacles or other marine growth to the hull of ships or other
objects submerged in water.
ANTI-OXIDANT: A material which, when added
to a varnish or an oil, allows oxidation to progress to the desired stage and
then retards subsequent oxidation. The antioxidant extends the life of the
film.
ANTIQUE FINISH: A finish that is designed to
give the appearance of age to an article. This is usually achieved by
highlighting the parts that would normally receive the greatest wear or by
darkening the unworn portions to simulate the accumulation of smoke and
dirt.
ANTI-SKINNING AGENT: A material which, when
added to a varnish or an oil, will prevent a skin of partially oxidized
material from forming on the surface of the liquid while in the container or
just before use.
APPLICATION: The principal methods of
applying finishing materials are: brushing, spraying, dipping, roller
coating, flowing, tumbling, squeezing, stenciling and printing. Applications
can be described as follows: When the entire surface to be coated has been
covered, an application has been made. When the same surface is re-coated, a
second application has been made. Two or more applications may be considered
as one coat if the normal drying time was not allowed between
applications.
AROMATIC: An aromatic hydrocarbon is one
derived from or characterized by the presence of the benzene nucleus, as contrasted
to the aliphatic or "straight chain" hydrocarbons. Coal tar
solvents, such as benzol (benzene), toluol (toluene), solvent naphtha and xylol
(xylene) are some of the more familiar aromatic or
"cyclic" solvents.
ASH: The non-combustible residue, which
remains after a material is burned or heated at a very high
temperature.
ASPHALTUM: A black or brown solid or
semi-solid substance used in making asphaltum
varnish or black
ASPHALTUM VARNISH: A solution of asphaltum or pitch, prepared either by the hot or cold
method, with or without the addition of drying oils, metallic dryers, other
resins or volatile thinners, according to the method of manufacture and the
use to which the finished product is to be put.
AZEOTROPE: A liquid mixture that is
characterized by a constant boiling point hat is lower or higher than any of
the boiling points of the components. In rare instances the boiling point of
the azeotrope can be intermediate to those of the
individual components.
BACTERICIDE: A substance that inhibits the
growth of mildew, mold or bacteria on the dried surface when added to
varnish, oil, paint or enamel.
BAKING: The process of drying a coated
material by the application of artificial heat. Forced drying is a mild form
of baking, where temperatures of 100ºF to 150ºF are used as contrasted to
175ºF to 400ºF for baking.
BALD SPOT: An area or patch in a wrinkle
finish film that has failed to wrinkle or that does not give the desired
optical effect.
BALL MILL: A type
of paint mill that employs steel balls inside of a revolving cylinder which,
as they fall against each other and against the interior surface of the
cylinder, break up the pigment aggregates, wet the individual pigment
particles with the vehicle, and reduce the size of the pigment
particles.
BARYTES: A natural, white, inert pigment,
consisting
chiefly of barium sulfate. Used extensively as an extender in paints and as a
base for chemical colors.
BASE: A term having several meanings,
according to the context: 1. In color manufacture, a material upon which
organic dyes or colors are precipitated to form lakes or toners; 2. In
coating materials manufacture, an original concentrated mixture of materials
to which other ingredients are added to make a finished product; 3.
Chemically, an alkaline material, capable of uniting with an acid to form a
salt.
BATCH: The quantity produced in one complete
operation.
BATU GUM: A semi-fossil damar
resin imported from the
BEESWAX: A wax secreted by honeybees for
making their honeycomb. The melting point is about 150ºF.
BINDER: The non-volatile, filmforming solid portion of the vehicle in a coating
that binds the pigment particles together after the film is
dry.
BITE: This occurs when a topcoat material
partially dissolves or softens an underneath coat.
BITTY: Describes the appearance of a finishing
material when small bits of skin or partially hardened material are
present.
BLACKNESS: Description of the overtone of a
black coating. For example, a material that absorbs all the light waves is
"jet black"; if some blue Anhydrous-Blackness Solvents Council Page
2 Technical Dictionary for Coatings wavelengths are reflected, the material
is a "blue black" coating, etc.
BLEACHING AGENT: A material that permanently
lightens the color of the object on which it is used.
BLEEDING: Describes the process that occurs
when the color of a stain or other coating material works up into succeeding
coats, imparting to them a certain amount of color. Conversely, a
non-bleeding color is one that is not soluble in materials applied over
it.
BLENDING: Often used as a synonym for
"mixing"(i.e., when two materials are blended together they are
intimately mixed together). Also used to denote the gradual shading off from
one color to another on a finished surface. Additionally, it is used to
denote the partial mixture of two or more colors after application, so there
is a gradual change from one color to another.
BLISTERING: The formation of bubbles or
pimples on the surface of finished work. Anything that causes a gas or vapor
to form under the film may cause blistering. For example, blistering can be
caused by exposure to excessive heat, by grease or other volatile material
under the finish, by moisture in the wood, or by the too frequent application
of coats.
BLOOM: A bluish cast, which forms on the
surface of a dried film of finishing material. This may be caused by a
deposition of smoke or other foreign material from the atmosphere or by the
softening of the film during rubbing operations, thus allowing traces of oil
to remain on or in the surface which later sweats out to form a hazy film.
"blooming" should not be used to describe
the blushing of a lacquer film, as a bloom develops after the film is dry,
whereas a blush develops during the drying operation.
BLUEING: Same as "BLOOM."
BLUSHING: The formation of a white or grayish
cast in a spirit varnish, shellac or lacquer film during the drying period.
This is caused by the partial or total precipitation of the solid ingredients
as a result of condensed moisture in the film due to excessive humidity or by
improper solvent balance, resulting in the true solvents evaporating first
and the diluent or nonsolvent
portion evaporating later. The addition of a quantity of slow evaporating
true solvent, known as a "blush retarder",
usually prevents blushing.
BODY: Often used to describe the fullness or
thickness of film on the work. Also used to describe the consistency or
viscosity of a finishing material.
BODYING ACTION: The tendency of a finishing
material to take on a thicker consistency upon standing in the package. The
action is similar to a material "LIVERING" or "PUDDING,"
except that it does not proceed so far.
BODYING AGENT: A material added to a
protective coating to increase the viscosity.
BOG OAK: Originally used to describe the
black color produced in oak logs, which had lain buried for years in bogs.
This color is imitated by the use of black stains to color lighter
oak.
BOILING POINT: The temperature at which the
vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to or very slightly greater than the
atmospheric pressure of the environment. Practically, this is the temperature
at which a liquid begins to boil.
BOND: The adhesion between two dissimilar
materials.
BOND COAT: A coating used to improve the
adherence of succeeding coats.
BOTTOM DRYING: The process in which a
coating dries from the bottom up rather than the top down. Certain types of
driers when used with certain oils tend to promote bottom
drying.
BOXING: The intimate mixing of a finishing
material by repeatedly pouring a portion of the original quantity into a
second portion in a partially filled container.
BREAK: The flocculent material or
"foots" that separate from an oil upon
long standing or upon subjection to heat. Varnishes or lacquers are said to
break when a portion of the solid ingredients separates from the liquid in
the package. The term is also used to describe liquid separating from the
pigment in a coat of paint soon after application.
BRIDGING: The ability of a finishing
material to cover a crack, void or small gap without a break in the film,
which usually results in an air pocket under the dried film.
BRIGHTNESS: This term describes: 1.) The
quantity of light emitted in a direction perpendicular to the surface; 2.)
The degree of apparent luster in a dried film; 3.) The purity of a hue or
freedom from darkness of color, such as a "bright green;" 4.) The
freedom of turbidity or suspended matter in a transparent
material.
BRILLIANCE: The relative apparent purity of
a color to the eye or the amount of glitter or surface reflection, such as
"brilliant luster."
BRITTLENESS: The converse of toughness or
tenacity. The brittleness of a dried film is evident through its tendency to
crack or flake when bent or scratched.
BRUSHABILITY: The ease with which a material
can be applied with a brush under practical conditions.
BRUSH MARKS: In coatings applied with a
brush, these are marks of the brush that remain in the dried film. These
marks can be caused by working the material after its solvents have evaporated
to the point that the Bleaching Agent--Brush Marks Solvents Council Page 3
Technical Dictionary for Coatings flowing power has been lost or by defects
in formulation that prevent the material from leveling out after it has been
brushed.
BUBBLE TEST: A method of comparing the
viscosity of a varnish or lacquer with another material of known viscosity or
consistency. Generally, tubes of the exact internal diameter are filled with
the two materials. The two tubes are held adjacent to each other in a vertical
position and quickly inverted. The comparative rate with which the bubbles
rise in the tubes is a rough measure of the relative viscosities, since the
heavier consistency will result in the bubble rising more slowly in the
inverted tube.
BUBBLING: The appearance of bubbles in a
film when a material is being applied. This can be caused by any condition
that causes air, vapors, or gases to be trapped in the film while it is soft,
but after it has hardened sufficiently to prevent the gas from
escaping.
BUFFER COAT: A coat of finishing material
applied over another dried film to protect it from the solvent action of the
succeeding coats.
BUILDING COAT: A finishing material, usually
of a transparent nature, which is used over the sealer or color coats and under
the finishing coats to increase the fullness of the finished
work.
BULKING VALUE: The increased volume produced
by grinding a quantity of pigment in a vehicle, usually expressed as the
gallons added by grinding 100 pounds of pigment. The bulking value depends
mostly upon the specific gravity of the pigment, although oil absorption,
fineness of particle size and similar conditions have
some effect on the results in actual practice.
BUNGHOLE: A round opening in a drum, barrel
or cask that is closed with a tightly fitting plug or bung. "Bunghole
boiled" linseed oil is an oil that has a small amount of liquid drier
added to it in order to make the drying properties closer to those of
heat-treated oil.
BURN: A finishing material is described as
"burned" when the dried film is rubbed too strenuously with
insufficient lubricant, causing the finish to soften and stick to the rubbing
pad.
BURNING IN: The process of repairing
scratches and damaged spots in a finish by melting stick shellac or similar
compounds into the defect by means of a heated knife.
CAKING: The formation of a "cake"
of varnish or lacquer on the rubbing pad during the rubbing operation. This
can be caused by improperly dried varnish, not enough lubricant, too much
pressure on the rubbing pad, too fine or too hard felt in the pad, inferior
pumice, dirt in the varnish surface and other similar causes.
CALCIUM CARBONATE: The chemical term for
calcite or whiting. Obtained from natural deposits of chalk, calcite or
dolomite, it is usually used as a white inert pigment.
CALCIUM SULPHATE: Chemically hydrated sulphate of calcium. A white inert pigment which almost
completely loses its color and opacity when ground in oil.
CAMPHOR: A white translucent solid of a
peculiar characteristic odor, which is derived from a species of laurel tree
grown chiefly in
CANDELILLA WAX: A wax obtained from a small
shrub in
CARBON BLACK: A black pigment produced by
the burning of natural gas with an insufficient supply of air that results in a finely divided form of
carbon.
CARNAUBA WAX: One of the hardest waxes in
use, having a melting point of about 185°F. It is obtained from the leaves of
a species of palm grown in
CASE HARDENING: The condition that occurs when the upper portion of a finishing material
dries hard and interior remains more or less soft and mushy rather than
drying thoroughly throughout. This can be caused by drying the coating with
the relative humidity of the atmosphere being too low. Case hardening may
result in checking, cracking and alligatoring in
the completely dried coating.
CASEIN: A non-crystalline solid obtained from
milk, soya beans and similar sources. This is
generally used in the paint industry as a binder in water paints. CASTOR OIL:
Pale yellowish or almost colorless, viscous, non-drying oil obtained from the
seeds of the castor bean, used as a plasticizer in lacquers and similar
products. When subjected to a special treatment to remove approximately 5% of
the chemically combined water, it is converted into a drying oil known as
dehydrated castor oil, which is used to a great extent in the manufacture of
synthetic resin and varnishes.
CATALYST: A substance that in small
quantities accelerates a chemical reaction by taking part in the reaction
without being consumed. For example, driers are used as a catalyst in the
oxidation of vegetable oils. CELLULOSE: A natural carbohydrate high polymer
that is the principal constituent of raw cotton and many other fibers
obtained from the vegetable kingdom. This is generally used by the finishing
material industry because nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose
and other raw materials are obtained from it by complicated chemical
reactions.
CELLULOSE NITRATE: See
"NITROCELLULOSE."
CENTRIFUGE: A machine used for clarifying
varnishes and similar materials by throwing out the solid particles, which
have a higher specific gravity, through the action of centrifugal force.
Bubble Test-Centrifuge Solvents Council Page 4 Technical Dictionary for
Coatings
CERESIN: A wax obtained from ozocerite and sometimes used as a substitute for beeswax.
It has a melting point of about 180°F
CHALK: A natural, soft, white calcium
carbonate mineral usually of seashell origin, which after grinding and
purifying is a source of whiting.
CHALKING: The condition that occurs when a
loose powder, derived from the film itself, is formed on the surface of a
dried film or just beneath the surface. This can be caused by a
disintegration of the binder portion of the film. It may be detected by
rubbing the film with the fingertip or with a piece of cloth of contrasting
color.
CHASER: A mill used for grinding stiff
pastes such as putty. Consists of a circular pan, which retains the mixture
to be ground, and one or more heavy rollers, usually of stone, mounted at the
end of a horizontal axis which permits them to revolve edgewise against the
bottom of the pan as they progress around a vertical axis at the center of
the pan.
CHECKING: A condition similar to alligatoring, except that the finish is broken into
smaller segments. "Crowfoot checking" is the name given to the
defect when the breaks in the film form a definite threeprong
pattern with the breaks running outward from a central point of intersection.
When the checks are generally arranged in parallel lines, the defect is known
as "line checking." Irregular checks without a definite pattern are
known as "irregular checking."
CHEMICALLY PURE: This describes a substance
that is of a definite chemical composition; free from adulteration, extenders
or diluents.
CHINA CLAY: A highly refractory inert
pigment, consisting essentially of aluminum silicate that has a high fusion
point and high lubricity. Also known as kaolin.
CHINAWOOD OIL: See "TUNG
OIL."
CHIPPING: A condition occurring when a dried
film of finishing material separates from the surface underneath and forms
flakes or chips. Usually caused by insufficient elasticity or improper
adhesion to the base material.
CHLORINATED RUBBER: A synthetic resin made
by chlorinating rubber under specified conditions.
CISSING: Another term for the defect known
as "CRAWLING."
CLEAR TONE: A transparent finish with no
sign of turbidity or muddiness.
CLOSE DRYING: A descriptor for a coating
that shows little fullness or body prior to a rubbing operation. The rubbing
operation often brings out the true fullness of the dried
film.
CLOUDING: Similar to "BLOOMING." A
loss of luster with the accompanying appearance of a cloudy film on the
surface of a coated material.
CLOUDY: This describes a finishing material
that is turbid due to the suspension of finely divided solid particles. A
similar appearance in the dried film is known as cloudiness.
COAGULATE: The irreversible combination or
aggregation of semisolid particles that changes a liquid to a thickened,
jellylike or curdled, soft mass.
COALESCING AID: A solvent that causes the
individual polymer molecules in the resin to unite into one unifed body, thereby giving a continuous film or
coating.
COAL OIL: The crude oil obtained from the
destructive distillation of bituminous coal.
COAL TAR: A black liquid consisting of a
complex mixture of hydrocarbons, obtained from coal during its conversion to
coke. Coal tar is the basic raw material for many of the solvents, dyes,
chemicals and resins used in the coating industry.
COAL TAR RESINS: Synthetic resins produced
from coal tar.
COAT: When used as a verb, "coat"
means to cover or apply; as a noun, the word signifies the amount of
finishing material applied to a surface during one or more applications
without a drying period between applications. See "HEAVY COAT,"
"THIN COAT" and "WASH COAT."
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION: The ratio of the
length of a solid object or volume of a gas or liquid at two different
temperatures per degree of temperature.
COHESION: The force that holds adjacent
particles of a single mass together.
COLD CHECKING: Checks or cracks that appear
in the dried film when it is subjected to repeated sudden and appreciable
reductions in temperature. Can be caused by the force of contraction
exceeding the cohesion of the film.
COLD COLOR: A color is said to be
"cold" when it has a bluish or greenish tone or is not suggestive
of warmth.
COLLOID: An insoluble substance that is
divided so finely in a nonsolvent substance that it
remains in permanent suspension and cannot be filtered out by usual means.
Colloidal, adj.
COLLOID MILL: A machine consisting of a high
rotor and stator, which produces air emulsifying action between the opposing
faces. Used to homogenize a substance.
COLOPHONY: See "ROSIN."
COLOR: The visual perception produced by
various wavelengths of light reaching the retina of the eye that allows one
to differentiate between otherwise identical objects. An object is black when
all wavelengths of light are absorbed and none are reflected; it is green
when only the wavelengths producing the sensation of green are reflected; and
so on. Color is divided into three main parts: 1.) hue is that quality which
produces the color sensation, that is red, blue,
green, etc. Cresin-Color Solvents Council Page 5
Technical Dictionary for Coatings 2.) tint is the amount of color present, such as a pale tint
of blue. 3.) shade expresses the purity or degree of
color, such as a dark shade of red. The term color is also used to denote the
pigments used to produce colored paints or to express the act of applying
color to an object.
COLOR CHIP: A small piece of paper,
celluloid or other material, coated with finishing materials and used as a
color sample.
COLOR COATS: Those coats of finishing
material that give color to the
finish.
COLOR FLOAT: When one or more colors that
are different from the original color appear on the surface after the
finishing material has been applied. This condition can be caused by
imperfect wetting of the pigment particles, too large a difference in
specific gravity of the individual pigments, imperfect incorporation of the
pigments, or the use of tinting colors ground in a different liquid than that
composing the main body of the material.
COLORIMETER: An instrument for measuring the
type and quality of color by comparison with standards, such as measurement
of the reflected light waves or other means.
COLORING MATTER: Any dye or pigment that is
used to impart color to a finish.
COLOR STANDARDS: A set of standardized color
samples for comparing and classifying the color of oils, resins, varnishes,
lacquers, paints or other finishing materials or their
ingredients.
COLOR STRENGTH: The intensity of color
exhibited by a pigment. It is also a way of expressing a pigment's power to
alter the tint or shade of another color to which it may be
added.
COLOR VARNISH: A semi-transparent or
translucent varnish containing colored pigments or dyes that are not
sufficient in amount to be an opaque or solid covering.
COMMERCIALLY PURE: A loosely applied term
used to define the purity of a substance or the basis of acceptable
commercial standards.
COMPATIBILITY: The ability of two or more
materials to mix with each other without separation or chemical
reaction.
COMPLEMENTARY COLORS: Colors that lie
opposite one another on the color wheel. The mixture of any two primary
colors forms the complement of the third primary color. For example, green,
the mixture of blue and yellow, is the complement of red. Complementary
colors in pigments accentuate each other when placed side by side but turn
into muddy or subdued colors when mixed.
CONDENSATE: The liquid that is obtained by
cooling the vapors of a material that is being distilled.
CONSISTENCY: The relative limpidity,
stiffness or resistance to agitation or resistance to deformation of a
coating material. See "BODY."
COPAL: A group of natural resins from
Africa,
CORE: The central piece of wood used in the
construction of plywood. Its grain is usually at right angles to the grain of
the adjacent plies.
CORROSION: The electrochemical degradation
of metal or alloys due to reaction with their environment, which is
accelerated by the presence of acids or bases. A paint or coating is often
applied to a surface to protect it from corrosion, oxidation or other types
of deterioration.
COTTON LINTERS: The short fibers of cotton
that adhere to the cotton seed when the cotton is ginned. These short fibers
are cut from the seed with special machinery and used in the manufacture of
nitrocellulose and for other special purposes.
COUMARONE-INDENE RESINS: A class of
synthetic resins derived from tar.
COVERING POWER: The capacity of any
pigmented finishing material to hide the color of the material beneath it and
to produce a uniform, opaque surface when applied in one coat. See
"HIDING POWER."
CRACKER JACK RUB: Name given to the process
of slightly rubbing a dried film just enough to dull the
luster.
CRACKING: An intensified or advanced stage
of checking or crazing, whereby the breaks in the film are so deep that the
underlying surface is exposed.
CRACKLE FINISH: A novelty finish,
usually produced by applying a heavily pigmented, high shrink topcoat of
lacquer over a more elastic bottom coat of lacquer. The topcoat cracks and
pulls apart in a more or less definite pattern exposing the underlying coat
in the cracks.
CRAWLING: Action of a finishing material
that does not remain spread in a continuous uniform coat. May be due to
excessive viscosity, high surface tension, low temperatures, glossy surface
of undercoat, or to the presence of grease, oil or other foreign matter on
the undercoat.
CRAZING: The appearance of minute,
interlacing cracks or checks on the surface of a dried film or finishing
material.
CRINKLING: Descriptive of the shriveling or
crinkling of the fatty or thick edge of the dried film of finishing
material.
CRIPPLES: Finished work that does not pass
inspection due to imperfections in the finish, and consequently must be
touched up or refinished. Color Chip-Cripples Solvents Council Page 6
Technical Dictionary for Coatings
CROCKING: Removal of dye or pigment from the
surface of a coating by rubbing or attrition.
CROW FOOTING: A form of crystallization
wherein the lines come together at a central point.
CRUMBLING: This occurs when a material does
not contain enough binder to hold it together in a plastic mass. This term is
used mostly, when speaking of filters and other heavily pigmented
goods.
CRYPTOMETER: A device for evaluating the
hiding power of paints.
CRYSTALLI,, ,, , ZING: The formation of a rough,
crystalline surface on varnishes or other materials upon drying rather than a
clear, smooth surface. This can be caused by improper ventilation, by gas
fumes or by cold draughts during the drying process, or by improper
formulation and manufacture of the material.
CUT: The pounds of resin added to each
gallon of solvent. For instance a four-pound cut of shellac contains four
pounds of dry shellac dissolved in one gallon of alcohol. This results in a
solution that contains 2.86 pounds of shellac per gallon of solution. A cut
is also a fraction obtained by distillation. The word is also used to
designate the , reduction or thinning of one liquid material with
another.
CUTT, ,, ING UP: Describes the process that takes
place when one coating softens another one that was app, aren, , tly, hard and dry
before application of the second coat. This can be caused by the, , s, , olvents in
the topcoat softening and partially dissolving the b, , o, ttom coat, improper
drying or improper formulation.
CYCLE: Any periodic repetition of a process.
For example, the completion of all the steps in a process of testing to the
point where the steps start to be repeated is one cycle of
testing.
DAMAR: A resin, usually of modern origin,
obtained from various trees in
DARK: As used in the coatings industry,
"dark" is a comparative adjective to describe those colors
approaching blackness as opposed to "light" colors which approach
whiteness or "deep" colors which are intense or strong with no apparent
presence of black.
DEAD FLAT: Description of a film that has no
apparent luster.
DEADENING: This term refers to a finish that
loses its luster and appears dead or dull after aging or when exposed to
outside weather conditions.
DECALCOMANIA (Decal): The process of
transferring pictures, designs or decorations from specially prepared paper
onto other surfaces. The prepared paper designs are also known as
decalcomanias or "decals." Some decals carry their own adhesive
next to the paper on which they are printed, the designs being slipped from
the moistened paper, face up, onto the work. Other decals call for a thin
coat of varnish or cement to be applied to the surface to be decorated, the
design, with the dry paper still attached, being laid face down against the
cement; then the paper backing is moistened and removed. Some decals require
a transparent coat to be applied over them; others have the finishing coat
already on the design.
DEEP: Term used to describe both a finish
and a color. In a finish, this term is used when it appears to have great
thickness. For colors, this term is used when it is intense or strong with no
apparent presence of black.
DEHYDRATE: Process of removing water or
moisture.
DEHYDRATED OIL: An oil, usually of a
semi-drying or non-drying type, which has been chemically treated to convert
it into a drying oil, through the rearrangement of the atoms in the molecule
to form new double bonds between the carbon atoms. Water is split from the
molecule during the process, hence the term "dehydrated."
DENATURANT: A material that is added to
another substance to alter its effectiveness for certain purposes. For
example, denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol containing small quantities of
other materials, which render it unfit for beverage purposes. Generally, most
alcohol denaturants are poisonous.
DEMONSTRATOR: A person who instructs
customers or their employees in the methods of applying finishing materials
properly, usually by actually applying the material in the presence of the
persons being instructed.
DENSITY: Mass per unit volume, usually
expressed as grams per cubic centimeter for solids and liquids and as grams
per liter for gases. See "SPECIFIC GRAVITY" and "WEIGHT PER
VOLUME." Density is also used to denote strength of color, freedom and
voids or to express solidity.
DEPTH OF FINISH: The apparent thickness of
the dried film of finishing material due to its smoothness, clarity,
brilliance and luster, as well as the actual film thickness.
DESICCATE: The drying of a material by
transferring moisture from it to another material that has a higher affinity
for the water vapor, usually by placing the two materials in close proximity
to each other with the exclusion of air.
DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION: The decomposition
of an organic compound by the application of temperatures so high as to cause
the vapors that are driven off to be of a different chemical composition than
was present in the original material.
DIFFUSED LIGHT: Scattered or dispersed light
of a uniform degree of intensity, such as through ground
glass.
DILUENT: A non-solvent liquid that is
blended with an active solvent to obtain certain properties, such as reduced
viscosity, in a finishing material. A diluent for
nitrocellulose solutions may be a solvent for resin solutions and, therefore,
is valuable in providing miscibility and stability of the two solutions when
combined with each other. Solvents Council Page 7 Technical Dictionary for
Coatings Crocking-Diluent
DILUTION RATIO: A measure of the amount of
non-solvent or diluent that can be added to a
solution before the formulation performance is negatively affected, such as
by precipitation of solids.
DIPENTINE: A high boiling solvent for resins
derived from the distillation of the sap of pine trees.
DIPPING: The process of applying finishing
materials by immersing the object to be coated into the
coating.
DIRTY: Term to describe coatings when they
are not clean or contain foreign matter, usually of a finely divided solid
nature. This term can also be applied to describing colors whereby a
"dirty color" is one that is muddy or not clear and bright.
DISINTEGRATION: To break apart, pulverize or
destroy by separation into small particles. Also a term to describe the
complete break-down of the dried film of finishing material.
DISPERSED: Finely divided or colloidal in
nature.
DISTEMPER: A water-based paint containing
pigments that are tempered or mixed with a small amount of binding
substance.
DISTENSIBILITY: The ability of a material to
dilate, expand, swell or stretch when force is applied. See
"ELASTICITY."
DISTILLATE: The product produced by cooling
the vapors of a material that has been heated sufficiently to cause a portion
of it to vaporize.
DISTILLATION: The act of applying heat to
drive off certain portions of a material by vaporization. This is frequently
a method used to separate two or more materials with different boiling
points.
DOCTORING: The act of changing the
properties of a finishing material by incorporating small amounts of
modifying agents. See "DOPING" also.
DOCTOR TEST: A test for determining the presence
of sulphur compounds, which can negatively affect
the odor of a coating, in petroleum thinners. This test is dependant upon the
reaction of sulphur compounds with lead compounds
to produce a darkening effect.
DOMINANT COLOR: The predominant or outstanding
color in a color scheme.
DOPE: A solution of nitrocellulose or other
cellulose derivatives in suitable solvents, used for special purposes such as
coating leather, fabrics, etc. to render them smooth, rigid and
non-porous.
DOPING: The act of applying dope to the
surface being coated. The term also refers to changing the properties of a
finished material by the incorporation of small amounts of modifying agents.
See "DOCTORING."
DORMANT: Not active. See
"QUIESCENT."
DRAUGHT TEST: A test applied to finishing
materials to determine their ability to withstand draughts of air during the
drying stages without producing a dull or crystallized dried
film.
DRAW DOWN: A test applied to determine the
color tone or opacity of a finishing material, wherein a small quantity is
spread out in a thin layer on white paper.
DRIER: A catalytic material that improves
the drying or hardening properties of oils or varnishes when added in small
amounts.
DRIPS: The small drops of material that
collect on the edge of dipped work.
DROP BLACK: A black pigment made by calcining animal bones. Also known as "bone
black" or "animal charcoal." DRY: Free from liquid, containing
no water. Raw materials, such as pigments, are dry when they contain no
water. Finishing materials are called "dry" when they have
solidified or are no longer in a liquid state.
DRY COLOR: A colored pigment, usually with
good tinting strength suitable for grinding into varnishes, oils or lacquer
solutions for producing colored finishes. See "DRIER."
DRY ICE: Solidified carbon dioxide. A white
ice-like material that changes directly into a gas without going through a
liquid phase (sublimes) at temperatures above its melting point (- 109.3
F).
DRY DUST FREE: The stage of solidification
of an applied film or finishing material when particles of dust that settle upon the surface do not become imbedded in the
film.
DRY HARD: The stage of solidification of an
applied film of finishing material when it has reached its maximum degree of
hardness.
DRYING: The act of changing from a liquid
film to a solid film due to the evaporation of solvents, oxidation or
polymerization or by a combination of these phenomena.
DRYING OILS: Organic, oily liquids that have
the property of hardening or solidifying when applied as a thin film and
exposed to normal atmospheric conditions.
DRYING SALTS: Compounds of drying metals,
which react with the acid constituents of oil or varnish to produce
driers.
DRYING TIME: The time required for an
applied film of a coating material to reach the desired stage of hardness or
non-stickiness. Common names for the various stages of drying are: "dust
free," "to touch," "tack free," "to
handle," "hard," "to rub," and "to pack."
DRY TACK FREE: The stage of solidification
of an applied film of finishing material when it does not feel sticky or
tacky when the finger is drawn lightly across the film in a quick continuous
motion.
DRY TO HANDLE: The stage of solidification
of a film of finishing material when the coated article may Dilution
Ratio-Dry To Handle Solvents Council Page 8 Technical Dictionary for Coatings
be picked up or moved without the finish coming off on the hands or being
seriously damaged.
DRY TO PACK: The stage of solidification of
an applied film of finishing material when the coated article can be packaged
for shipment.
DRY TO RUB: The stage of solidification of
an applied film of finishing material when it can be rubbed with an abrasive
and a lubricant without softening appreciably or "picking up" on
the rubbing pad.
DRY TO SAND: The stage of solidification of
an applied film of finishing material when it can be sanded without undue
softening, sticking or clogging of the sand paper.
DRY TO TOUCH: The stage of drying of a film
of finishing material when it has solidified sufficiently that it can be touched
lightly without any of the finishing material adhering to the
fingers.
DULL: Lacking brightness, clearness or
luster.
DURABILITY: The ability of a finishing
material to withstand the conditions or destructive agents that it comes in
contact with through actual usage, without an appreciable change in
appearance or other important properties.
DUST: Small particles of solid matter. Also
a grading or size of natural resin.
DUST FREE: The stage of solidification of an
applied film of finishing material when dust that settles on the coated
surface does not penetrate or stick to the film.
DRYING AWAY: The loss of apparent film
thickness in a dried coating. See "DEADENING."
EARTH PIGMENTS: Colored pigments mined
directly from the earth. They are also known as natural or mineral pigments.
These pigments are quite stable and not easily affected by alkali, heat,
light or moisture. They are usually of a yellow, brown or red hue. Inert
natural pigments are not usually classed as earth pigments.
EFFERVESCENCE: The phenomenon that occurs
when a liquid froths or bubbles due to the escape of gas not formed by
boiling.
EFFLORESCE: To form or become covered with a
white powdery crust due to the evaporation of water from a solution, such as
is often seen on interior and exterior masonry walls, when evaporation of
water leaves white crystals of various salts behind on the
masonry.
EGG SHELL: An indefinite term used to
describe the appearance of a film that has little or no luster. The term is
also used to describe an off-white color.
ELASTICITY: The property of a film that
allows it to stretch or otherwise change size or shape and return to its
original condition without breaking or rupturing. This term should not be
confused with "toughness," "tensile strength" or
"elongation," which have different meanings.
ELASTIC LIMIT: An expression of the maximum
stress or distorting force that a material can withstand and still be able to return to its original length, size or shape
after the force is removed. When the applied force is sufficient to stretch
the material to a point where it does not return to its normal or original
condition, the elastic limit has been exceeded.
ELECTROLYSIS: Chemical decomposition by the
action of an electric current.
ELECTROSTATIC SPRAY: The process of applying
an electrostatic charge to a coating while applying an opposite charge to the
substrate.
ELEMI GUM: An aromatic, balsamic, resinous
gum of modern origin obtained from a tree in the
EMPIRICAL: A method or formula arrived at by
a "trial and error" procedure rather than by a consideration of
theoretical or fundamental factors.
EMULSIFIERS: Surface-active agents used to
form a stable finished product by forming protective colloids with components
that otherwise would separate.
EMULSION: A suspension of fine particles of
a liquid within another liquid that is not ordinarily miscible with the first
liquid. An emulsifying or dispersing agent is usually used to promote this
intimate and more or less permanent intermixing of the dissimilar
liquids.
ENAMEL: A broad classification of free flowing
pigmented finishing materials that dry to a smooth, hard, glossy or
semi-glossy finish. Generally the liquid portion consists of varnish or
lacquer and the pigment portion is ground to a very small particle size.
Paints, on the other hand, usually have raw or treated oils as the vehicle,
and the pigments may not be so finely ground.
EROSION: That phenomenon found in dried
films of finishing material wherein the top surface wears away under exterior
exposure or other climatic conditions to expose the underneath surface. This
usually occurs as a result of chalking of the film.
ESSENTIAL OIL: An oil
that has an essence or odor. An essential oil is distinguished from a fatty oil by its volatility, odor and
non-greasiness.
ESTER: A compound that is formed when an
organic radical replaces a hydrogen ion of an acid. The usual reaction is
that of an acid (organic or inorganic) with an alcohol or other organic
compound rich in OH groups.
ESTER GUM: A modified natural resin produced
by the reaction of an alcohol such as glycerine
with the acids in a natural resin, such as rosin. Ester gum is very insoluble
in water and, therefore, adds properties to a varnish that cannot be obtained
with natural rosin. Dry to Pack-Ester Gum Solvents Council Page 9 Technical
Dictionary for Coatings
ESTERIFICATION: The formation of an
ester.
ETHER: A class of organic compound in which
an oxygen atom is interposed between two carbon atoms (organic groups) in the
molecular structure, giving the generic formula ROR. The term
"ether" is often used synonymously with "ethyl ether" and
is the legal label name for it.
EVAPORATE: The act of volatilization or
transforming from the liquid to vapor phase. Driving off a liquid by the
application of heat, vacuum, or similar conditions.
EVAPORATION RATE: The rate at which a
specific material will volatilize, or convert from the liquid to gas phase.
In
EXPOSURE TEST: This is a preliminary and
practical method of evaluating the durability of a protective coating by
subjecting it to conditions similar to those which will be present in actual
usage.
EXTENDER: An inert pigment that is used to
increase the bulk of a paint or enamel or to dilute the color strength of a
pigment.
EXTRACT: A product derived from vegetable
matter by the application of solvents, heat or pressure to separate it from
the other constituent parts.
EXUDATE: Any material, usually of a resinous
or balsamic nature, that filters through the walls of living vegetable cells
and accumulates on the exterior tissues.
FADING: The loss of color due to exposure to
light, heat or other destructive agent.
FAILED: Description of a finishing material
that performed below expectations. For example, when a finishing material,
either in the liquid or dried film state, does not pass a given test, it is
said to have "failed" in that respect.
FALSE BODY: An abnormally heavy consistency
that gives the false impression that the material contains a high solid
content and, therefore, will deposit a heavy film.
FAST TO LIGHT: A color that does not fade or
change appreciably in hue, tint or tone upon exposure to light over a
considerable period of time is fast to light.
FAT: A glyceryl
ester of a carboxylic acid of animal or vegetable origin.
FATTY: Description of a material that has a
consistency of solidified fat or butter, which is often caused by
age.
FATTY ACID: An organic acid derived from
fats or oils or produced by syntheses from hydrocarbons. The three principal
fatty acids are palmitic, stearic
and oleic acid.
FATTY EDGE: This is the thick edge that is
sometimes found on heavily coated work, especially dipped work, which results
in a rounded thicker film along the edges of the work.
FEATHER EDGE: The tapering of the edge of a
film of dried material caused by the method of application, or by sanding or
rubbing the dried film. The tapering is evidenced by a gradual progression of
the film thickness from little or no material at the edge to a normal coating
at the center.
FEATHERING: The formation of fine shreds of
precipitated solids in a varnish or lacquer when excessively thinned with a
solvent.
FILLER: A finishing material, usually
containing considerable quantities of pigment, that
is used to build up or fill depressions and imperfections in the
surface.
FILM SCRAP: Reclaimed photographic film from
which the emulsion has been removed. This is used as a replacement for virgin
nitrocellulose in the manufacture of lacquers and sealers.
FILTER: To remove solid particles from a
liquid by passing the liquid through a paper, cloth or other membrane
containing openings that are too small to allow the
solid particles to pass through.
FILTER AID: An extraneous substance added to
a liquid to facilitate the removal of suspended matter during
filtration.
FILTER CAKE: A name for the solid matter
that is built up on the filtering membrane during the filtration
process.
FILTER PRESS: A machine that is constructed
so as to form hollow chambers when filter cloth or filter paper is placed
between the plates. The plates are held together by strong pressure. The
suspended particles in a liquid are removed and deposited in the chambers
when the material is forced through the filtering medium by a
pump.
FINENESS: The degree of subdivision of
pigments or the extent to which they are dispersed in the vehicle upon
grinding.
FINGER NAIL TEST: A physical test upon the
dried film of a finishing material to denote the ease with which it can be
marred, scratched, flaked or broken. The test is often performed by picking
at the finish with the edge of the nail of the thumb or index
finger.
FIRE CRACKED: The appearance of a dried film
that contains delicate, intricate, and almost invisible surface cracks, such
as might be caused by exposure to heat.
FIRST COATER: A finishing material used as
the initial filmforming coat.
FISH OIL: A drying
or semi-drying oil obtained from the bodies of fish.
FIXATIVE: A material that is used to make
another substance or color permanent. For example, a dye mordant is sometimes
called a fixative. This term is also used to describe clear liquids that are
applied to pastel paintings or charcoal drawings to prevent the surface from
smudging or rubbing off. Esterification -Fixative
Solvents Council Page 10 Technical Dictionary for Coatings
FIXED OIL: A non-volatile, stable fat or
oil, as contrasted to essential or volatile oils. A
saturated oil is non-drying.
FLAKING: The detachment of small pieces of
dried film from the undercoat.
FLASH BAKE: This term was originally used to
describe a process of baking which ignited the solvents in a film of coating
material resulting in deposition of the solid residue on the surface. Now the
term is used to indicate a rapid baking process, usually at high
temperature.
FLASH POINT: Lowest temperature at which a
flammable liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with
air near its surface or within a vessel.
FLAT: When referring to a coating, this
means having no gloss or luster.
FLATTING AGENT: A material added to a
normally glossy coating to reduce the luster and produce a flat
appearance.
FLOATING: See "COLOR FLOAT."
FLOCK: The finely divided, soft, fluffy
fibers used to produce a "flock finish," which consists of an
adhesive applied to the surface to be coated and into which the fibers are
blown or sifted, before it is dry in order to produce the appearance of felt
or a pile fabric.
FLOOD: The excessive application of
considerably more finishing material than is necessary to secure desired
results.
FLOODING: Describes the change in color of a
pigmented finishing material from that exhibited at the time of application.
Flooding is due to a uniform color float where one tone of the color becomes
stronger as the film dries.
FLOW: The characteristic of a coating that
allows it to level or spread into a smooth film of uniform thickness before
hardening.
FLOW COAT: A coat of finishing material
applied to a vertical surface in an excessive amount so that the surplus
flows down over the surface and drips off the bottom edge.
FLUID: Any material that is capable of
flowing or changing its shape under normal conditions.
FLUSH COLORS: These are chemically
precipitated colors in paste form that are capable of being incorporated
directly into oil or varnish without being ground. In the flushing process
the oil replaces the water around the pigment particles and the water, being
lighter than oil, rises to the top of the mixture, where it can be
removed.
FOOTS: The finely divided, extraneous,
gelatinous matter that separates from the oils when aged in an undisturbed
condition.
FORD CUP: A type of viscometer originally
used by the Ford Motor Company, but now extensively used in testing
laboratories. It consists of a cup, with an overflow device to insure a
standardized volume, in the bottom of which is a standardized orifice. The
number of seconds required for the cup to empty itself at a standardized
temperature gives a numerical expression of the viscosity of the
material.
FOSSIL RESINS: Those natural resins which
derive their hardness and desirable characteristics from aging in the
ground.
FRENCH POLISH: An old method of finishing
wood, consisting of the application of repeated coats of low solids shellac
solution with a soft cloth pad on which a few drops of oil has been placed.
The shellac solution is applied sparingly with a rotary motion of the pad and
the wiping action is repeated until the film is nearly dry. The finish is
allowed to harden between applications.
FROSTING: See
"CRYSTALLIZING."
FUGITIVE: Lacking in permanence of color
upon exposure to light.
FULLER'S EARTH: A type of clay used to aid
in the bleaching and deodorizing of oils and other liquids.
FULLNESS: A term denoting the apparent body
or depth of finish on the work.
FUME: The finely divided particles of a
solid material that are suspended temporarily in air during a spraying
operation.
FUNGICIDE: A material that reduces or
prevents the growth of fungus on the surface to which it has been applied.
This is often added to finishing materials to prevent the formation of molds
and mildew under humid conditions.
G
GALLON: A
standard unit of volume measurement. It is 231 cubic inches.
GAS BLACK: A carbon black pigment produced
by burning natural gas in an insufficient supply of air.
GAS CHECKING: The fine checking, wrinkling
or frosting of a coating during the drying process, especially when gas or
other impurities are in the air. Also called "Gas Crazing."
GEL: A term used to describe an over polymerized
material.
GLAZE: A term used to describe several types
of finishing materials: 1.) Glazing putty is a creamy consistency surfacing
material, usually applied with a knife to fill imperfections in the surface.
2.) Glazing stain is pigmented stain applied over a stained, filled or
painted surface to soften or blend the original color without obscuring it.
3.) A glaze coat of a clear nature is sometimes applied over painted wall
surfaces to give them a peculiar appearance and to permit easier cleaning when
the walls become soiled.
GLOSS: Describes the luster, shininess or
reflecting ability of a surface.
GLOSSING UP: The increase of luster in a
rubbed film through friction in use. Also describes the increase in luster of
a flat varnish in the package through a decrease in the flattening effect of
the flatting agent. Fixed Oil-Glossing Up Solvents Council Page 11 Technical
Dictionary for Coatings
GLOSS METER: An instrument for measuring the
luster or gloss of a finished surface.
GLOSS OIL: A brittle varnish consisting
essentially of a solution of treated rosin in petroleum thinners and
containing no oil.
GOOSE FLESH: The appearance of a dried film
that has small pimple-like elevations over the surface.
GRAININESS: The appearance of small
grain-like particles in a finishing material or in the dried film of a
finishing material.
GRAINING INK: A colored ink or paint
material used over a colored ground color to produce an imitation of the
grain of wood, marble or other substances.
GRAIN RAISING: The
roughness of wood caused by the swelling and stiffening of the short, broken
fibers on the surface.
GRAIN SHOWING: This occurs when a pigmented,
opaque finish fails to completely obscure the grain of the wood over which it
is applied.
GRAVITY: See "SPECIFIC
GRAVITY."
GRAYNESS: A hazy, dull appearance in a
rubbed film, usually caused by the finish being oil rubbed too soon after
application. This condition can be avoided by allowing more drying
time.
GRAY PORES: This occurs when the pores of
the wood have a bleached, yellowish or grayish look after the finishing coats
are applied. Caused by improper formulation of the filler or top coats or by
the use of a filler that is too weak in color
strength for the stain color.
GREENISH CAST: Describes the appearance of a
finish wherein a muddy greenish tone is observed, especially when viewed in a
strong light.
GREEN MATERIAL: A freshly made finishing
material that has not been allowed to age sufficiently before being
used.
GRINDING: The process of incorporating
pigments into oils, varnishes, or other vehicles by passing the mixture of
pigments and vehicle between two closely adjacent moving surfaces or by
similar means to ensure complete wetting of the pigment particles and their
uniform dispersal throughout the vehicle.
GRITTINESS: See
"GRAININESS."
GROUND COAT: The coat of colored material,
(which is usually opaque), applied before the graining ink, in producing
imitation wood or marble effects, or before the glazing coat in obtaining
antique glazed effects.
GUIDE COAT: A coat of different color than
the other surfacing coats which serves as a guide in rubbing or sanding
operations to help obtain a smooth surface without sanding through to the
underlying wood or metal.
GUM: The resinous material exuded by trees
or plants. Strictly speaking a gum is water-soluble, but this term is widely
used in the varnish industry to designate those natural resins usually not
water-soluble that are obtained from trees.
GUM SPIRITS: Turpentine produced by
distilling the sap of pine trees.
GUM TURPENTINE: Same as "gum
spirits."
GUN COTTON: A form of highly nitrated
cellulose used in high explosives. The lower nitrated grades, known as
nitrocellulose, are more readily soluble in lacquer solvents than is gun
cotton.
GYPSUM: A natural inert pigment consisting
essentially of a hydrated form of calcium sulphate.
When heated to remove a part of the water of hydration, "plaster of
Paris" is formed. Further heating to remove all of the water of
hydration produces calcium sulphate, which does not
react with water to form a solid "set material" as does plaster of
Paris.
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H
HAIR LINES: Fine lines or incipient checks
in the dried surface of finishing materials. Often caused by sudden
temperature changes.
HANSEN SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS: An indicator
of the preferences for hydrogen bonding of solvents used to predict the
solubility of polymers in solvents.
HARDENED ROSIN: Rosin that has been
partially neutralized by being cooked with lime.
HARD GUMS: The fossilized resins or "copals" that were exuded from living plants
centuries ago.
HARDNESS: That property of a dried film of
finishing material that causes it to withstand denting or being marked when
pressure is exerted on its surface by an outside object or
force.
HAZE: The dullness of a surface that
prevents a clear reflection of light. This can be caused by partial
precipitation of one or more ingredients during the drying period. Haze can
often be removed by polishing or cleaning.
HEAT CONVERTIBLE RESIN: A resin that can be
transformed into an insoluble mass by the application of heat as contrasted
to one that is softened by heat.
HEAVING: The slight swelling or raising of
the surface caused by partial softening of the undercoat by the solvents in
the succeeding coat.
HIDING POWER: The ability of a colored
finishing material to obscure or cover up the surface that has been coated
with it.
HEAVY BODY: A general term denoting a
relatively high viscosity liquid state or the deposition of a film of great
thickness before drying.
HEAVY COAT: A generous or excessive coat of
finishing material.
HIGH LIGHT: The lighter colored or more
transparent portions of a finish. For example, this can be found on furniture
that has been purposely made uneven in color to simulate worn spots caused by
frequent use over a period of Gloss Meter-High Light Solvents Council Page 12
Technical Dictionary for Coatings years. This effect is usually obtained by
wiping off a portion of the stain while wet or by using steel wool or
sandpaper after it is dry.
HIGH SOLIDS: A general term used to denote
the presence of a higher than average percentage of solid
ingredients.
HUMIDITY: The amount of water vapor in the
air. Also see "RELATIVE HUMIDITY."
HYDROMETER: An instrument for measuring the
specific gravity of a liquid. This usually consists of a long glass spindle
attached to a bulb that is weighted at one end to cause it to stand upright
in the liquid. The distance to which the spindle sinks in the liquid is a
measure of the density of the liquid.
HYGROMETER: An instrument for measuring the
degree of humidity or relative humidity of the atmosphere.
HYGROSCOPIC: A
descriptive adjective applied to materials that readily absorb and retain
moisture from the atmosphere.
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I
IGNITION TEST: A test to determine the
amount of noncombustible and non-volatile material in a sample. Generally,
the sample is weighed, ignited, and allowed to burn until it extinguishes
itself. It is weighed again and the percentage of non-combustible material
calculated.
IMMISCIBLE: Not capable of being mixed
together intimately without developing cloudiness or turbidity. This term is
usually applied to liquids.
IMPACT TEST: A test for determining the
resistance to shattering of a dried film by dropping a weight onto the
finish.
IMPERIAL GALLON: The British and Canadian
unit of volume measurement. It is the volume of 10 pounds of water or 277.42
cubic inches as contrasted to 8.33 pounds of water or 231 cubic inches in the
U.S. Standard gallon.
INCOMPATIBLE: For coatings, this denotes
items that are not capable of being mixed together without impairing the
original properties of the materials being mixed. This usually results in a
separation of solid particles, cloudiness or turbidity.
INDIA INK: Black, waterproof ink, consisting
of a dispersion of carbon black in water.
INDICATOR: A material that changes color or
another property as the conditions to which it is exposed are changed.
Certain indicators can be used to indicate the presence, absence or
concentration of alkali, acid or of other substances.
INERTS: Those inactive, extender pigments
which have little or no hiding or tinting properties when wet with oil,
varnish or similar materials, and which are chemically stable or
inert.
INFRARED: A group of long wavelength rays
generated by heat from a hot body. They have the property of raising the
temperature of the receiving body. These rays are utilized to accelerate the
baking of finishing materials by use of infrared lamps or infrared burners,
through the development of heat in the surface to which the coating has been
applied.
INHIBITOR: An agent that arrests a chemical
reaction. In the coatings industry, an inhibitor is usually a pigment or
other agent that retards the formation of rust.
INTENSITY: Description of the purity or
degree of hue as seen by the eye.
IODINE VALUE: A numerical method of
expressing the degree of unsaturation in organic
compounds, such as fatty acids or vegetable oils. This can be related to the
drying properties of the coating. Iodine value is expressed as the number of
centigrams of iodine reacting with one gram of the substance being
tested.
IRIDESCENT: Having the property of
exhibiting prismatic colors or varied colors.
IRON BLACK: The black oxide of iron. Also
known as magnetic iron oxide.
IRON BLUE: Any blue pigment that depends
upon its iron content for its blue color. This is sometimes called Prussian
blue.
IRON MILL: A paint mill consisting of a
corrugated steel disc that revolves tightly against a stationary steel base.
As the pigment particles pass between these moving steel parts, they are
subdivided and wet by the grinding vehicle.
IRON OXIDE: A red, brown or yellow pigment
consisting of the oxides of iron.
IVORY BLACK: A high grade of drop black, or
bone black formerly made by charring ivory, and more recently made by
charring animal bones.
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J
JAPANESE LACQUER: A varnish made from the
sap of a species of tree that grows in
JAPAN WAX: A soft wax with melting point of
about 127°F obtained from a bush that grows in
JELL: The act of taking on body or becoming
gelatinous or jelly-like.
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K
KAOLIN: Another
name for china clay.
KAURI: A natural resin derived from the
exudation of the pine-like kauri tree in
KAURI-BUTANOL VALUE: A measure of the
solvent power of petroleum thinners, expressed as the number of milliliters
of the product under test required to cause cloudiness or turbidity in 20
grams of a solution of kauri in butyl alcohol, which has been prepared under
standardized conditions.
KETTLE BOILED OIL: A vegetable oil that has
had its drying properties improved by the incorporation of driers that are
added while heating the oil in open kettles.
KILN: A room or separate compartment with
regulated heat and proper circulation of fresh air used to cure a coating.
The relative humidity may also be controlled.
KNIT: Description of two coats that cannot
be separated or peeled apart after drying.
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L
LAC: A natural
resin exuded by insects, which eat the sap of trees in
LACQUER: A thin-bodied, quickdrying
coating material that forms a hard film. Originally, it referred to solutions
of shellac and other resins that dried by evaporation alone. Subsequently,
the term referred to the oriental products derived from the sap of certain
trees in
LAMPBLACK: A black organic pigment made by
burning oils, fats, greases or other organic matter in an insufficient supply
of oxygen to produce a dense smoke that contains particles of carbon. When
this carbon is separated, it forms lampblack, which is used as a black
pigment for coloring and tinting paints and enamels.
LAP: When used as a verb, it means to lay or
place one coat so its edge extends over and covers the edge of a previous
coat, causing an increased thickness where the two coats meet. When used as a
noun, it is that portion of a coat of finishing material that extends over
the edge of and onto a previous coat.
LATENT HEAT: The quantity of energy that is
absorbed or released as a substance undergoes a change of state, that is, as
it changes from a solid to a liquid, or from a
liquid to a gas, or from a liquid to a solid. There is no change in its
temperature.
LATENT SOLVENT: An organic liquid that
dissolves a resin, such as nitrocellulose, only when mixed with a true
solvent.
LATEX: Any of several naturally occurring
milky saps containing hydrocarbons that tend to congeal into plastic masses
upon exposure to air. Modern latex resins are produced synthetically with the
largest application area being water-based architectural coatings.
LEADED ZINC: A mixture of zinc oxide and
basic lead sulphate derived by heating a mixture of
lead and zinc ores or by blending pure zinc oxide and basic lead sulphate by mechanical means. Used as a white pigment for
protective coatings.
LEAFING: That property of flat pigment
particles, such as metallic powders and mica, to align themselves
in a more or less parallel manner with the coated surface, when mixed with
vehicles and spread in a thin film.
LET DOWN: To dilute the color strength of a
pigment by mixing it with a colorless, translucent mineral pigment. This term
is also used to describe thinning or reducing a liquid
coating.
LEVELING: The ability of a film to flow out
free of ripples, pock marks, orange peel, brush marks, runs, sags or other
surface defects after application.
LIFE: An expression of the period of time a
film will retain elasticity or durability.
LIFTING: The softening and penetration of a
dried film by the solvent action of a second film applied over it.
Specifically, "lifting" results in the raising and wrinkling of the
previously dried first coat.
LIGHT FASTNESS: The ability of a color or of
a dried film to remain unchanged when exposed to brilliant
light.
LINOLEATE: A metallic soap made from linolic acid, the fatty acid from linseed
oil.
LINOLEIC ACID: A yellow oily liquid that
occurs as a glyceride in linseed and many other
drying vegetable oils.
LINOLENIC ACID: A colorless oily liquid of
slightly different chemical composition than linoleic
acid, which also occurs as glycerides in linseed
and many other drying oils.
LINSEED OIL: A yellowish
oil obtained by crushing the seeds of flax which contain a mixture of glycerides of several fatty acids. Has the ability to
absorb oxygen from the air and gradually form a tough hardened coating when
exposed in a thin film. Generally used as a vehicle in paints and as the
softening agent for resins in the manufacture of varnishes.
LIQUID PLASTIC: A synthetic resin in liquid
form that hardens to a plastic sheet after being applied and subjected to
heat. Jell-Liquid Plastic Solvents Council Page 14 Technical Dictionary for
Coatings
LITHOL RED: A non-bleeding pigment made by
precipitating a complex red dye on a blanc fixe
base.
LITHOPONE: A synthetic white pigment used
largely in interior finishes and undercoats that is produced by the reactions
of barium sulphide and zinc sulphate
to form zinc sulphide and barium sulphate.
LITHO VARNISH: An oil
that has been thickened by heat. Used in printing inks and for similar
purposes.
LIVERING: An increase in the consistency of
a coating material while in the package to form a viscous, rubbery,
liver-like mass. This can be caused by a chemical reaction between various
ingredients or a change in the colloidal nature of the
product.
LONG OIL VARNISH: A varnish that is
relatively low in resin content and high in oil content. Usually contains
more than 25 gallons of oil per 100 pounds of resin.
LOUSY: There are two definitions for this
term: 1.) A varnish is termed "lousy" when it contains small particles
of solid matter that were not removed by filtering. 2.) A brush is termed
"lousy" if it contains particles of partially dried material that
are transferred to the work.
LUMINESCENCE: The property of glowing in the
dark after exposure to visible or ultraviolet light. Luminous paints are of
two varieties, depending upon the ingredients used: 1.) Fluorescent paints
glow only as long as exposed to the activating rays. 2.) Phosphorescent
paints continue to glow for hours after exposure to light.
LUSTER: The gloss, shine or brightness of a
finished surface. See "GLOSS."
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M
MACERATE: To soften by soaking in a liquid
either with or without heat.
MAGNESIUM SILICATE: A white inert pigment
produced from natural deposits. This is a complex combination of silicic acid, magnesium and water of
crystallization.
MALEIC RESIN: Synthetic resins made by
polymerizing maleic acid or maleic
anhydride with a polyhydric alcohol, rosin or some similar
substance.
MANILA RESIN: A natural resin,
found in the East Indies and imported from
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (MSDS): A
document that states specific properties, safety considerations, and handling
suggestions for a designated material (such as a chemical).
MEDIUM: The liquid that is used to disperse
pigments. Another name for "VEHICLE" or "BINDER." When
speaking of colors, the term is used to describe a color approximately midway
between a light and dark shade of the same hue, such as medium
blue.
MELAMINE RESINS: Synthetic resins made from
melamine and formaldehyde. They cure quickly at relatively low temperatures
and are quite stable in color, even when exposed to high
temperatures.
MENHADEN OIL: One variety of fish
oil.
MICA: A mineral silicate that readily
separates into thin sheets. When powdered, it is sometimes used as an inert
pigment in paint products.
MICROMETER: A device used for measuring the
thickness of pigments.
MICRON: One thousandth of a millimeter. This
is the standard unit of size in measuring the particle size of pigments and
similar materials.
MILKING: This describes using ones finger to
remove an accumulation of varnish that has formed a heavy, fatty edge at the
bottom of an upright surface.
MILKY: Having the appearance of milk or
showing some whiteness, as when water is mixed with varnish or when a dried
transparent film starts to turn white from moisture.
MILL WHITE: A white paint or enamel used on
large interior surfaces, such as the walls of factories.
MINERAL BLACK: A black pigment made by
pulverizing shale or slate.
MINERAL OIL: Any oil derived from a
petroleum base, also known as "paraffin oil" and "liquid
paraffin." The boiling point is usually above 675°F.
MISCIBILE: This describes the characteristic
of a substance that is capable of being mixed in any ratio without separation
of the two liquids.
MISTCOAT: A coat of thinner or thinner mixed
with a small amount of lacquer that is applied as a final coat to increase
smoothness.
MOBILITY: The ease with which a liquid flows
or moves. The opposite of viscosity.
MOISTURE: Very finely divided particles of
water present to a moderate degree in the air or in a
material.
MOISTURE REPELLENT: The property of
resisting the passage of moisture through a dried film of finishing
material.
MUDDY: When speaking of clear materials,
this describes the lack of a bright, clear, transparent appearance. A muddy
color is one having a trace of brown in it, which takes away the purity or
brightness of the color.
MULLING: This is the act of thoroughly
mixing pigments and liquids together, either by hand, as with a pestle and
mortar, or by passing the mixture through a mixing machine.
MUSHY: Soft and pliable, not hard. Solvents
Council Page 15 Technical Dictionary for Coatings Lithol
Red-Mushy
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N
NAPHTHENATE DRIERS: Salts of naphthenic acid and various drying metals, such as lead,
manganese and cobalt, that are usually used in
solution form.
NATURAL COLORS: Inorganic pigments derived
from natural sources rather than manufactured or synthetic
pigments.
NATURAL RESINS: The hardened sap of trees
used in the manufacture of varnish, as distinguished from synthetic
resins.
NAVAL STORES: The products of the sap of the
pine tree known as rosin, turpentine and pine oil.
NEUTRAL: Neither acid nor alkaline,
therefore, not reactive in a chemical sense.
NEUTRAL COLOR: A dull or grayed color that
harmonizes or blends readily with other colors. For example, a neutral gray
is one of medium value, midway between light and dark gray.
NEUTRAL OIL: A light gravity mineral oil
obtained by the distillation of petroleum and often used as the lubricant for
rubbing a dried film with pumice stone, sandpaper or other abrasive
materials.
NIBS: Foreign particles such as lint and
dust, which when mixed with a finishing material during application form
raised specks in the dried film.
NIGROSINE: A spirit soluble blueblack dye used in stains.
NITROCELLULOSE: The product obtained by
nitrating cellulose, in the form of linters, cotton waste, wood pulp, etc.,
by treatment with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric
acid. For different purposes, the cellulose is nitrated to various degrees.
The NC used for manufacturing lacquers contains about 12%
nitrogen.
NITROGEN OXIDES (NOx):
A colorless, odorless gas that is a primary component in creating ground
level ozone (SMOG). Main sources include automobiles and fossil burning power
plants.
NODULAR: Spherical in shape, especially used
to describe pigment particles.
NONBLEEDING: The opposite of bleeding - not
soluble in succeeding coats See "BLEEDING" above.
NONDRYING: When spread out in a thin film,
these substances lack the ability to absorb oxygen from the air or to change
from a liquid to a solid state. Mineral oils, castor oil, peanut oil and
coconut oil are examples of nondrying oils.
NONVOLATILE: That portion of a material that
does not evaporate at ordinary temperatures; the solid substances left behind
after the volatiles have evaporated.
NUANCE: A small gradation or slight degree
of difference in color. It shares somewhat of the same meaning as or
"TINGE." For example, a color called Indian Red could be described
as a brownish-red with a purple nuance, or tinge.
NUBS: One size of the gradings
of natural resins. Nubs, which are about the size of the end of the finger,
are smaller than "bold", but larger than "seed" or
"dust" gradings.
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O
OCCLUDE: To take in or retain a material in
the pores of another material. For example, many pigments contain occluded
air.
OCHRES: Earthy iron oxide pigments, usually
yellow or brown in color, consisting of hydrated ferric oxide mixed with
varying amounts of clay, sand and other materials.
ODOR: That property of a substance that is
perceptible by the sense of smell, specifically, the smell, scent or
fragrance of a material.
OFF COLOR: Not matching the color of a
standard with which a material is being compared.
OIL: This is a smooth, greasy feeling
liquid. Oils are classified according to their origin as: vegetable, animal
or mineral. Moreover, oils are fixed or fatty and volatile or essential,
according to their behavior upon being heated.
OIL ABSORPTION: The quantity of oil required
to wet a definite amount of pigment to form a stiff paste during the grinding
process.
OIL COLORS: These are colors that have been
ground to a paste or semipaste consistency in a
vegetable oil.
OIL DRIERS: Liquid driers that contain
little or no resin but do contain considerable vegetable oil.
OIL LENGTH: The number of gallons of oil
cooked with 100 pounds of resin. A short oil varnish contains less than 10
gallons; a medium oil varnish contains from 10 to 25 gallons; a long oil
varnish contains in excess of 25 gallons.
OIL POLISH: A polishing material that
contains oil as one of the ingredients. This can also refer to the finish
obtained by rubbing successive thin coats of linseed oil on
wood.
OIL RUBBING: The process of dulling the
luster and smoothing the surface of a dried film of finishing material by
rubbing it with pumice stone or other abrasive materials while lubricating
the surface with oil.
OIL SOLUBLE: Capable of being dissolved in an oil.
OIL STAINS: Those stains that contain oil or
that are made from oil colors.
OIL VARNISHES: Varnishes that contain oil
and that harden by oxidation and polymerization, as contrasted to spirit
varnishes that harden exclusively by evaporation of volatile
solvents.
OLEATE: A metallic soap having oleic acid
for its acid constituent.
OLEORESINOUS: A type of varnish made by
combining oil and hard resin by heating them in a kettle, as contrasted to
synthetic varnishes.
ONE WAY DRUM: A light-gauge steel drum
designed for one time use Naphthenate Driers-One
Way Drum Solvents Council Page 16 Technical Dictionary for Coatings only and
therefore also referred to as "one time shippers."
OPACITY: The degree of obstruction of the
transmission of visible light. Another expression for "HIDING
POWER."
OPAQUE: A descriptor for a coating that is
able to hid or make invisible the underlying
material. Opposite of transparent.
ORANGE MINERAL: A type of red lead that has
an orange color. It is made by heating basic carbonate of white lead in
special furnaces.
ORANGE PEEL: A pebbled surface similar to
that of an orange skin. This is generally caused by the coating not leveling
out completely after application by spraying.
ORGANIC COLORS: Pigments of animal,
vegetable or dyestuff origin; specifically, those containing carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen but no minerals.
OVERBAKED: In referring to films, this can
mean an overly hard or brittle film or one that is badly discolored by the
application of too much heat for too long a period.
OVERTONE: The mass color, self color or top
color as exhibited by reflected light in contrast to the undertone that may
show through the main color.
OXIDIZE (Oxidation): To chemically unite
with oxygen.
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P
PALE: This
adjective describes a substance that is not dark or lacks color
intensity.
PAPER MARKING: Furniture and other finished
objects are often wrapped in paper for shipment. When the paper sticks to the
finish in transit or leaves a mark in the finish, the article is said to be
"paper marked."
PARAFFIN OIL: A light gravity mineral oil
often used as a lubricant for sanding or rubbing a dried film of finishing
material.
PASTE: A stiff plastic mixture of pigment
and vehicle.
PEBBLING: Similar to "
PEELING: A defect in a dried film that
occurs when large pieces become detached from the underneath surface and come
loose in sheets or large flakes.
PENETRATING STAINS: Those stains that
penetrate into the surface of the wood. These stains are usually made of dyes
dissolved into liquids that easily penetrate the wood.
PERRILA OIL: An oil
obtained from plants grown in
PERISH: Loss of life or elasticity in a
dried film of finishing material.
PERMEABILITY: The ability of a material to
allow another material to pass through it without rupture.
PETROLEUM SPIRITS: Another name for
"mineral spirits."
PFUND GAUGE: An instrument for measuring the
thickness of a film that is not dry.
PHENOLIC RESINS: Synthetic resins made by
condensing phenol with formaldehyde or similar aldehydes.
PHOSPHORESCENT: Exhibiting light or glowing
after exposure to light.
pH VALUE: The
concentration of the hydrogen ion in a material. A pH value of 7 is
considered neutral. Lower values indicate the material is acidic; higher values
indicate it is alkaline.
PICKING UP: The softening and raising of
underneath coatings by the solvent action of coats applied over
them.
PIGMENT: The fine, solid particles used for
color or other properties in the manufacture of paint and
enamel.
PIGMENT STAINS: Those stains that get their
color primarily from pigments mixed with binder and volatile
thinners.
PILING: Describes an excessive quantity of
finishing material. Also, this term is used if the material does not level
out by flowing smoothly.
PILL: The soft ball produced by chilling
varnish when the resin and oil have been thoroughly combined before
thinning.
PINE OIL: A naval stores product consisting
of a complex mixture of turpenes, alcohols, ketones and ethers that is obtained by distilling the sap
of pine trees.
PINE TAR: The black residue obtained by the
destructive distillation of the sap of the pine tree or of the wood
itself.
PINHOLING: The appearance of fine pimply
defects in a dried film, due to bubbles or other causes, which result in
small holes in the film after the tops have been removed by rubbing or
sanding.
PITCH: This is the black residue left from
the distillation of tar, oil and similar materials.
PITTING: These are small holes that appear
in a dried film, which are usually caused by moisture, grease, or some
volatile substance that escapes from the film late in the drying process when
the finishing material is unable to flow and fill in the
void.
PLASTICITY: Plastic materials hold their
shape under normal conditions, but are deformed when heat, pressure or
abnormal conditions are applied. The ability to flow under stress without
ripping or tearing.
PLASTICIZER: A softening material that is
added to lacquers or other compounds in order to impart elongation,
elasticity and flexibility.
POCK MARKS: See "ORANGE
PEEL."
POISE: This is the absolute unit of
viscosity. For example, a material has a viscosity of one
poise when a force of one dyne is required to move a surface film of
one square centimeter at the rate of one centimeter per second when that
surface is separated from a parallel Opacity-Poise Solvents Council Page 17
Technical Dictionary for Coatings surface by a film one centimeter in
thickness.
POLARIZED LIGHT: Light which vibrates in one
plane or direction only.
POLISH: This word has several meanings: 1.)
The act of increasing the luster of the dried film of a finishing material by
friction; 2.) The material used for producing a high luster; 3.) A
brilliantly glossy finish that is produced by polishing;
POLYMERIZATION: The reaction by which two or
more molecules of a given substance combine with each other to form a
compound from which the original substance can be
regenerated.
POLYSTYRENE RESINS: These are synthetic
resins formed by the polymerization of styrene.
PONTIANAK
RESIN: A semifossilized
PONY MIXER: A small mixer used for mixing
pigments with liquids.
POPPYSEED OIL: A
semi-drying
oil that is obtained from the seed of various species of poppy
plants.
POROUS: This describes material that is not
dense or has small voids or holes that absorb topcoats of finishing
material.
POWDERING: This is a defect exhibited in
some short oil finishes that form a powder when friction is applied. This
also describes the general appearance of a powder on a film due to age or any
other cause.
PRECIPITATE: The solid substance separated
from a liquid by either a chemical reaction or by the application of light or
heat.
PRIMARY COLORS: In pigments the primary
colors are yellow, crimson-red and blue. In the color spectrum the primary
colors are scarletred, green and violet. These are
the basic colors from which all other colors are made.
PRIMER: The coat of material that is applied
directly over the uncoated surface.
PRINTING: The impression left in a film of
dried finishing material after pressure has been removed.
PROTECTIVE COATING: Any coating that
protects the surface from deterioration.
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS: The testing of a
material to determine the types of compounds or elements present without
determining the amounts of each. This is another expression for
"QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS."
PUCKERING: The crinkling or shriveling of a
material upon drying.
PUDDING: The wrinkling of a coat of finish
that thickens due to aging in the package.
PUDDLING: This refers to the application of
excessive heavy, uneven coats of finishing material.
PULL OUTS: These small holes are caused by
rubbing dirt nibs or other defects out of a dried film of finishing
material.
PULLING UNDER THE BRUSH: This is the term
for the resistance to brushing caused by too much viscosity, too fast drying
or other properties that prevent easy and fluent brushing.
PULVERIZED: Powdered.
PUMICE STONE: A powdery substance of
volcanic origin that is used as an abrasive in rubbing the dried film of
finishing materials.
PURITY: This term describes a material or
product that is unadulterated.
PUTTY: This is a pasty material consisting
of pigment and binder that is used for filling imperfections in the surface
to be coated or for holding windowpanes in place.
PYROXYLIN: See "NITROCELLULOSE."
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Q
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS: See "PROXIMATE
ANALYSIS."
QUALITY: The character, nature, or physical
properties belonging to a material or product. This can also refer to the
subjective quality of a product. For example, a quality product can be a
superior or excellent one.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: An analysis to
determine the amounts and kinds of compounds or elements present in a
material.
QUANTITY: This is the amount, bulk, mass,
weight or measure of an item.
QUICK DRYING: This is a material that dries
in less than 4 hours.
QUIESCENT: This term describes the quality
of being in a state of repose; still; not moving; dormant.
R
RAIN SPOTS: A
defect in a dried film caused by drops of water depositing small quantities
of mineral matter onto the surface of the film.
RAPESEED OIL: An oil of a dark brown or pale
yellow color, having an unpleasant odor. This oil, obtained from the seeds of
certain plants, is used to some extent as a plasticizer because of its poor
drying properties.
RAT TAILING: A defect in a dried film caused
by a bubble or a small piece of dirt that flows downward on a vertical
surface in such a way as to leave a thinner film of finishing material above
it, due to the material having lost its flowing power.
RAW MATERIALS: These are the natural,
untreated or unprocessed materials from which coatings are
made.
RAW OIL: Linseed oil in its natural,
untreated condition.
RAW SIENNA: One of the brown earth colors
used in the manufacture of pigmented stains and fillers. It is a mixture of
ferric oxide and silica or silicates. Polarized Light-Raw Sienna Solvents
Council Page 18 Technical Dictionary for Coatings
RAW UMBER: A brown earth color, consisting
of iron oxide, manganese oxide and silica or silicates,
that is used in the manufacture of pigmented stains and
fillers.
RECEDING COLORS: These are colors, which are
generally the cooler shades of blue or green, which give an illusion of withdrawing
into distance.
REDUCE: To lower the viscosity of a material
or to thin a material by adding a solvent, thinner, varnish or
oil.
REDUCER: The volatile materials included in
a paint, varnish or lacquer to reduce its viscosity. A reducer can also refer
to the volatile materials added to the coating by the user.
REDUCING OILS: Special oils used for mixing
with or thinning of pigmented coatings.
REFINED: This term describes a product or
substance that is purified, clarified, or separated from extraneous
matter.
REFLECTION: The ability of a surface to
throw back light, heat, etc., in its substantially original form. Rough
surfaces will reflect in a multitude of directions, and such reflection is
said to be "diffuse." Smooth, brightly polished or glossy surfaces
reflect clearly and sharply at the same angle to the surface as the angle at
which the light or heat contacted the surface.
REFLECTOMETER: An instrument for measuring
the luster or sharpness of the reflection of a finished
surface.
REFRACTIVE INDEX: This is the ratio of the
velocity of light in a certain medium compared with its velocity in
air.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY: This is the percentage of
water vapor in air at a given temperature as compared to the total amount of
water vapor the air could hold at that temperature, expressed as a
percentage.
RESIN: A solid or semi-solid organic
substance that is usually derived from the sap of trees or by chemical
synthesis. Resins are generally used in the manufacture of varnishes,
lacquers and similar coatings.
RESINATE: This is any salt of a rosin acid.
The heavy metal resinates are used as driers for
paints and varnishes.
RETARDER: A slowly evaporating solvent that
decreases the evaporation rate or slows the drying of lacquers and similar
materials.
RIBS: These are raised ridges in the finish
caused by heavy brush marks that were not removed by sanding or rubbing
before the final coat was applied.
RICH: This describes the quality of a
substance or product as vivid, deep, not faint. This
can also mean abundant in special qualities.
ROLLER COATING: A method of applying
finishing materials to flat surfaces by passing the surface between rollers,
one or both of which are coated with the material.
ROLLER MILL: A paint mill consisting of
hardened steel rollers that revolve in opposite
directions at different speeds. This mill produces a sheering action that
causes pigment particles to be dispersed in the vehicle when a mixture of
pigment and vehicle is passed between the rolls. During the milling the paint
is transferred from one roll to another until it is finely ground. ROPY:
Description for a sticky or stringy consistency that will not allow the
material to level or flow out smoothly after application.
ROSIN: The resinous material obtained by
distilling turpentine and other volatile materials from the sap of pine
trees. Also called "COLOPHONY."
ROSIN OIL: A viscous
oil obtained by the destructive distillation of rosin.
ROTTENSTONE: A soft, siliceous limestone in
pulverized form used as an abrasive and polishing agent for dried films of
finishing materials. Also known as "
ROUGH STUFF: A surfacing material formerly
used extensively in the automotive industry for filling the imperfections in
the metal. When dry, it was rubbed to a smooth surface with an abrasive and
then coated with color varnish or other finishing coats.
RUBBER FINISH: A black finish that has the
luster and appearance of hard rubber.
RUBBER RESINS: Resins derived from rubber by
chemical treatment and used for making certain coatings.
RUBBING: The act of applying mechanical
friction, usually in conjunction with an abrasive and a lubricant, to a film
of finishing material to: bring it to a level, smooth surface; deaden the
luster; or remove specks of dirt; etc.
RUBBING BLOCK: A block of felt, sometimes
mounted on a wooden block, used in connection with an abrasive and a
lubricant for rubbing dried films of finishing materials.
RUBBING OIL: A pale, medium-heavy mineral
oil used with pumice stone or other abrasives as a lubricant for rubbing the
dried film of finishing materials.
RUBBING VARNISH: A varnish that is so
constructed as to withstand rubbing with an abrasive and a lubricant within a
reasonable time after being applied. RUNS: Defects in a dried film caused by
an excessive amount of material being applied, usually in an uneven manner,
so that a portion of the material flows down in an irregular or curtained
manner.
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S
SAGS: This describes
the irregularity of film thickness due to uneven flow.
SANDING SURFACER: A heavily pigmented
finishing material used for building the surface to a smooth condition. It is
sanded when dry. Raw Umber-Sanding Surfacer
Solvents Council Page 19 Technical Dictionary for Coatings
SANDPAPER: A paper coated with an abrasive
material that is used for surfacing wood, metal or finishing materials.
SAPONIFICATION VALUE: The number of
milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize (saponify)
all the acid in one gram of an oil or resin.
SATIN FINISH: This describes a finish with a
luster similar to that of satin and having between a full gloss and a
semi-gloss luster.
SCALING: A term used to describe the
cobwebby appearance of varnish when the topcoat has been rubbed through,
showing the next coat of varnish underneath. The term also describes an aggravated
form of flaking, in which large pieces of the dried finishing material come
off and expose the bare surface below.
SCHEDULE: A statement of the sequence of
operations, such as the types of finishing materials; amounts of reduction;
methods of application; drying times and temperatures; and sanding and
rubbing operations, used in obtaining the finish on the work.
SCRATCHES: Slight incisions, breaks, tears
or indentations on a surface.
SEALER: Any finishing material that is
applied for the primary purpose of stopping the absorption of succeeding
coats.
SEBACIC ACID: An organic acid used for
making synthetic resins through combinations with glycerine
or other alcohols.
SECONDARY COLORS: A mixture of any two
primary colors. For example, the primary colors blue and yellow, when mixed,
produce the secondary color green.
SEEDING: The formation of grains of undissolved resin in a varnish or lacquer or the
formation of pigment aggregates from small individual particles in a paint
caused by severe chilling or thinners.
SEMI-DRYING OIL: An oil which only partially
hardens when a film is exposed to the air as contrasted to one which hardens
completely (a drying oil), or one which does not harden at all (a non-drying
oil).
SEMI-GLOSS: A luster midway between a full
gloss and a dead flat.
SEPARATION: The breaking up or segregation
of two or more integral parts of a mixture into its component parts. For
example, in a varnish this may take the form of the resin becoming insoluble
in the other ingredients; or in a paint or enamel, where a clear liquid
portion forms above the pigmented portion. Generally, in liquid there may be
a segregation of layers of component liquids.
SETTING-UP TIME: The time required for the
initial drying stage of a finishing material, whereby it has lost its ability
to flow, but is still soft and plastic.
SETTLING: The separation of a pigment or
other solid ingredient from a coating material upon standing.
SET TO TOUCH: An initial stage of drying
when sufficient solvents have evaporated so that the film hardens enough that
it can be touched lightly without adhering to the finger.
SHADE: Describes the degree of intensity of
a color, such as a dark or light green. This also describes the act of
changing the tone or degree of color by adding small quantities of other
colors to it.
SHARP DRYER: A term applied to finishing
materials that dry quickly and completely through all layers without a mushy
effect.
SHARP LUSTER: This term describes a very
high luster.
SHEARY: This describes a finishing material
that is not uniform in luster after being applied and dried.
SHEEN: The degree of luster of the dried
film of a finishing material. This term is usually used to describe the
luster of rubbed surfaces or of flat drying materials.
SHELLAC: The resinous material secreted by
an insect that feeds upon the twigs of certain trees in
SHELLAC SUBSTITUTE: A spirit varnish made by
dissolving various resins in denatured alcohol or other solvents to produce a
coating that has characteristics similar to those of shellac varnish.
SHINE: A dried film of finishing material
that has a high gloss.
SHORT: This term describes the quality of
lacking toughness or elasticity. For example, a dried film is
"short" when it is brittle. Additionally, an undried
material is "short" when it is crumbly or does not flow easily.
SHORT OIL VARNISH: This is a varnish that is
relatively high in resin content and low in oil content.
SHRINKAGE: The disruption of the level plane
of a finished surface with age, whereby the thickness of film appears to
diminish or the luster dies away. This condition can be caused by repeated
slight movements of the wood or of underneath coats of material.
SICCATIVE: A coating that dries or hardens
through oxidation rather than by evaporation or polymerization.
SIENNA: An earth pigment of a yellowish-brown, or reddish-brown color used in paints,
stains and fillers. The color is derived from the presence of oxides of iron
and manganese.
SILICA: An inert pigment used as an extender
in paints and in paste wood fillers
SILICATE OF SODA: This is the chemical name
for water glass. It is soluble in water, dries to a hard transparent film and
is slightly alkaline. Sandy-Silicate of Soda Solvents Council Page 20
Technical Dictionary for Coatings
SILKING: These are the parallel hair-like
lines in the surface of finished work that has been brushed or dipped. These
lines are found in the direction of the flow. A color float can cause this
condition.
SINKING IN: Describes a finishing material
when a considerable amount of it is absorbed by the underneath surface.
SIZE: A liquid coating used to seal a porous
surface and prevent subsequent coats from being absorbed.
SKIN: This is the film of oxidized or
polymerized finishing material that forms on the surface while in the
container or in a tank.
SKIPS: Uncoated parts of a surface that have
been unintentionally left bare.
SLUSH: The act of applying a finishing
material roughly by dipping, spraying or brushing. Some types of slush are:
slush oils, which are rustproofing coatings for
steel, and pumice slush, which is the finely divided slurry produced by
rubbing.
SMOKY: Describes a finish when it has a
cloudy look and is not bright, transparent and high in gloss.
SOFT: Easily deformed or penetrated. The
opposite of hard.
SOFTENERS: See "PLASTICIZERS."
SOLID: A body of matter that will not yield or flow except under extreme
force.
SOLID COVERING: Having the ability to
obscure the underneath surface in one coat.
SOLUBLE: Able to be dissolved in a liquid.
SOLUBILITY: Describes the amount of a
substance that will dissolve in another substance. Generally, the more fluid
the substance becomes, the greater the solubility.
SOLUTION: This is a liquid substance that is
homogeneously mixed with another liquid.
SOLVENT: A liquid substance that is capable
of dissolving or dispersing other substances.
SORTS: One of the size gradings
for resins, referring to rather large pieces that have been sorted for color
and size.
SOYBEAN OIL: A
semi-drying
oil obtained from the soya bean, which is grown
extensively in Asia and in the
SPAR VARNISH: A very elastic waterproof
varnish used originally for coating masts and spars on sailing vessels.
SPATULA: A long, flexible knife used for
mixing colors and other similar purposes.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY: The ratio of the weight of
a given volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of distilled
water at a temperature of 62°F.
SPEWING: The separation of one or more
components of a finishing material on the surface of the film during the
drying process. This is usually caused by incompatibility.
SPIDER LEGS: Describes the condition when
the paint on the upright surface separates or breaks and the vehicle runs
down in long, crooked channels.
SPIRIT STAIN: A stain made by dissolving a
dye in alcohol.
SPIRIT VARNISH: A varnish made by dissolving
resin in alcohol or other volatile solvents in such a way that the varnish
dries by evaporation, rather than by oxidation or polymerization.
SPOTTING: This is the condition describing
the formation of small off-color areas on a finished surface.
SPRAYING: The act of applying a material by
means of compressed air through a spray gun in such a manner as to break up
the material into a fine mist and to blow it onto the work.
SPREADING RATE: The number of square feet of
surface that can be covered with a gallon of a given finishing material by a
given method of application.
STABILIZER: Any substance added to a coating
material to make it more stable in the package or while being applied.
STAINING: The act of changing the color of
wood without disturbing the texture or markings. This change is accomplished
through the application of transparent or semi-transparent liquids made from
dyes, finely divided pigments or chemicals.
STEAREATE: A soap of stearic
acid.
STEARIC ACID: An organic acid obtained from
many fats and oils used for making metallic soaps, which in turn are used as
fatting agents or as a coating for pigment particles.
STIFF: A material that is difficult to apply
using a brush because it has a high viscosity.
STIPPLED FINISH: This is a finish with a
slightly roughened or pebbled surface produced by pounding the material with
the ends of the bristles in a stiff brush, or other suitable means, while the
material is wet.
STOCK: The amount of material on the work.
For example, if the film thickness is not great enough, it is said that there
is not enough stock on the work.
STONE MILL: A paint grinding mill in which
paint passes between two flat pieces of roughened stone - one stationary, the
other revolving.
STRENGTH: The relative tinting or hiding
power of a colored finishing material.
STRIKING IN: The defect produced by a coat
of finishing material that softens and partially penetrates an underneath
coating. Silking-Striking In Solvents Council Page
21 Technical Dictionary for Coatings
STRING: A finishing material with a
partially hardened film that stretches out to a thin thread when pulled
instead of breaking.
SUBLIMATION: A change of state from a solid
to a gas that occurs without going through the liquid state. The melting of
dry ice or solid carbon dioxide is an illustration of sublimation.
SUNDAYS: Skipped places caused by failure to
entirely cover the surface at the time the finishing material is applied.
SURFACE: The outside or exterior boundary of
any substance. One is said to "surface" the work when they rub or
sand it to a smooth, level plane.
SURFACE DRYING: This occurs when a coating
dries on top but remains relatively soft underneath.
SURFACER: Any finishing material that is
used to produce a smoother surface.
SURFACE TENSION: The attractive force
exerted on surface molecules of a liquid by the molecules beneath. This
results in the drawing of the surface molecules of the liquid into the shape
that yields the least surface area. This term also means the modifying of one
phase in contact with another.
SUSPENSION: A substance that has its
particles mixed with, but undissolved, in another
liquid.
SWEATING: This describes the condition of a
coating becoming more or less glossy again after being dull-rubbed. Rubbing
the coating before it is sufficiently dry can cause this condition.
SYNTHETIC: Describes any item that is
prepared artificially or chemically rather than occurring naturally.
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T
TACK FREE: That
condition when a film of finishing material has reached the point that the surface
can be touched lightly without a sensation of stickiness.
TACK RAG: A piece of loosely woven cotton
cloth that has been dipped into varnish and wrung out. It soon becomes tacky
or sticky and is used to wipe a surface to remove small particles of dust.
TALC: Also known as soapstone. This is an
inert pigment used in paints that is a flaky or fibrous form of hydrated
aluminum silicate.
TALL OIL: A vegetable oil-resin byproduct of
the manufacture of wood pulp.
TAR: A thick brown or black viscous liquid
consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons and their derivatives obtained by the
distillation of materials of organic origin, such as wood, coal, shale and
oil.
TAUTNESS: The degree of tightness of a film
or membrane.
TEARS: These are small drops of finishing
material at the bottom edge of vertical surfaces that are caused by the
surface tension of the material counteracting the pull of gravity.
TENACITY: The ability to hold fast or adhere
to a surface.
TENSILE STRENGTH: The ability of a film to
withstand pulling stresses.
TEST RACK: An exposure rack on which coated
panels are tested for durability under exterior conditions.
TEXTURE: An impression created by a surface
structure or the general physical appearance of a surface.
THERMOMETER: An instrument for measuring
temperature.
THERMOPLASTIC: A high molecular weight
polymer that softens when exposed to heat and returns to its original
condition when cooled to room temperature.
THERMOSET: A material that undergoes a
chemical reaction when heated resulting in a hardened material when cooled.
The material does not soften with additional applications of heat.
THICK: Having a heavy consistency.
String-Tube Body Solvents Council Page 22 Technical Dictionary for Coatings
THICKNESS OF FILM: This describes the body
on the work after the film of finishing material has thoroughly dried.
THIN COAT: A coat of finishing material that
is less heavy than usual.
THINNER: A volatile material used to thin or
reduce finishing materials.
THIXOTROPHY: The property of certain gels to
become liquid upon being shaken or agitated and to coagulate again when left
in an undisturbed condition.
THUMBNAIL PROOF: The condition of a film
when it has dried sufficiently so as to be resistant to being scratched with
the thumbnail.
TIFFANY FINISH: A blended multicolor finish
used for decorating interior walls. TINGE: A faint trace of an altering
color.
TINT: A color produced by the addition of
another color to white paint or enamel. This can also represent the act of
adding a color to the white material.
TONE: A modification of a full color.
TOOTH: That property of a surface that
allows the film of succeeding coats of finishing materials to adhere readily.
TOPSTONE: The color reflected by the surface
of a film of finishing material.
TOUGHNESS: The ability of a dried film to be
bent, indented or distorted without cracking. The
opposite of brittleness.
TRANSFER EFFICIENCY: The measure of transfer
of a coating from the application source to the substrate. The higher the
value-the more efficient the transfer.
TUBE BODY: The consistency of a liquid as
noted by the speed with which an air bubble rises through the material in a
calibrated glass tube. Tung Oil-Wetting Agents
Solvents Council Page 23 Technical Dictionary for Coatings
TUNG OIL: An oil
obtained by pressing the nut of the tung tree which
grows in
TURBIDITY: A cloudiness
in a transparent coating caused by finely suspended matter.
TURPENTINE: A volatile thinner produced by
the distillation of the sap of pine trees.
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U
ULTRAMARINE
BLUE: A blue pigment that is made by heating china clay, sodium carbonate, sulphur and carbon.
ULTRA-VIOLET: Those light rays, outside the
visible spectrum at its violet end, that have a chemical effect upon the
dried films of finishing materials.
UMBER: A hydrated ironmanganese
oxide pigment of a brownish or greenish brown color that is used in paints, pigment
stains and paste wood fillers.
UNDER BAKED: Not baked hard, due to
insufficient time or temperature or both.
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V
VACATIONS:
Skipped or uncoated places in the finished work.
VALUE: The quality by which a pale or light
color is distinguished from a deep or dark color of the same tone.
VAPOR PRESSURE: The pressure exerted by a
vapor that is in equilibrium with its solid or vapor liquid form.
VARNISH: Any homogenous transparent or
translucent liquid which, when applied as a thin film, hardens upon exposure
to air or heat; or by evaporation, oxidation or polymerization; or a
combination of these to form a continuous film that imparts protective or
decorative properties.
VEGETABLE OILS: Oils obtained from various
seeds or nuts of vegetable growth.
VEHICLE: The liquid portion of a finishing
material consisting of the binder and volatile thinners as contrasted to the
pigment or solid matter.
VEILING: The formation of a cobweb pattern
in a film that has been applied with a spray gun, due to the rapid
evaporation of the solvents.
VINYL RESINS: Synthetic resins resulting
from the polymerization of vinyl compounds.
VISCOMETER: An instrument that measures the
viscosity of a liquid.
VISCOSITY: The resistance to flowing
exhibited by fluids as well as the internal friction of the movement of
molecules against each other.
VOLATILE: Readily vaporizable at a
relatively low temperature.
VOLATILE THINNER: That liquid portion of a
coating material that reduces the consistency for application and evaporates
from the film completely.
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W
WARM COLOR: Any color in which red or orange
predominates.
WASHING: A type of paint failure evidenced
by formation of a surface powder that is washed off by rain.
WATER COLORS: Colors mixed with or ground in
water.
WATERGLASS: See "SILICATE OF
SODA."
WATERPROOFING AGENTS: Products added to
protective coatings to improve their ability to withstand water, or sealing
materials used for the same purpose.
WATERSPOTTING: An imperfection in a dried
film manifested by spotty changes in the color or luster.
WATER STAIN: A stain consisting of dyes
dissolved in water.
WATER WHITE: Describes the lack of color,
that is, as colorless as water.
WAX: Any of a number of resinous, pliable
substances, of plant or animal origin, which are insoluble in water,
partially soluble in substances such as alcohols and miscible in all
proportions with oils. Used for making polishes and for similar purposes.
WEAK COLOR: A color that does not have a lot
of hiding power.
WEATHEROMETER: An instrument used for
accelerated testing of coatings for their resistance to exterior exposure
conditions. Alternate periods of artificial sunlight and darkness,
interspersed with simulated showers, are repeated
continuously and automatically until the film shows signs of deterioration.
Its durability is then expressed in number of cycles or number of hours of
exposure.
WEATHER RESISTANT: Capable of withstanding
exposure to the weather.
WEIGHT: That property of a body that tends
to pull it toward the center of the earth. Also expressed as the attraction
of gravity exerted upon an object.
WEIGHT PER VOLUME: Mass per unit volume at a
given temperature. For example, pounds per gallon, kilograms per liter, etc.
WETTING AGENTS: Products that are added to
protective coatings to aid the dispersion of the pigment in the vehicle, the
penetration of the coating into the surface being treated, and for similar
purposes.
WHITING: Finely ground, naturally occurring
calcium carbonate used as a filler.
WHITENING: A condition brought about in the
dried film of a coating material by the absorption of moisture.
WRITING: An inert white pigment consisting
mostly of calcium carbonate.
WIND BREAK: Roughness formed on the surface
of a finishing material by a current of air blowing over it while drying.
WIPING STAINS: Those stains, usually
pigmented, that are applied and wiped with a cloth to remove the excess
stain.
WOOD ALCOHOL: The common name for methyl
alcohol.
WOOD FILLER: A pasty material used for filling
and coloring the pores of wood. It is usually thinned with solvent, applied
to the surface and then wiped off across the grain of the wood, allowing it
to remain only in the pores.
WOOD OIL: See "TUNG OIL."
WRINKLE FINISH: A varnish or enamel film
which forms fine wrinkles or an irregular surface as it dries. This can also
occur when regular varnish is applied too heavily.
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X
Y
YELLOWING: The tendency of a dried film to
take on a yellowish cast with age.
YIELD: The quantity of finished product
obtained from the quantities of raw materials specified in the formula.
YIELD POINT: The initial pressure required
to cause a plastic material to flow.
ZEBRA BOARD: A testing chart with alternate
black and white stripes, made non-absorbent by a protective coating. It is
used for evaluating the hiding power of pigmented coatings.
ZEIN: An alcohol soluble protein,
usually derived from corn, that is used as a binding agent in sealers and as
a plastic molding material.
ZINC CHROMATE: A bright yellow pigment that
is used to a considerable extent as a rust inhibitor in metallic primers and
in similar coatings.
ZINC RESINATE: The metallic soap of zinc and
the rosin acids. ZINC STEARATE: The zinc soap of stearic
acid, used as a drier and as a flatting agent. ZINC SULPHATE: A colorless,
crystalline substance, used to some extent as a paint pigment, but mostly for
making lithopone.
ZINC SULPHIDE: A white pigment. One of the
components of lithopone.
ZIRCONIUM OXIDE: A white pigment made by
oxidizing various salts of zirconium.
